An architect, civil engineer, and urban planner, Adolf was born in Heilbronn to a middle-class family. He was the fifth child of Johann Heinrich Abraham Cluss and Anna Christine Neuz. His extended family worked as stone masons, engineers, and entrepreneurs and his father was a master builder. Adolf left home at nineteen to become an itinerant carpenter. On one of his journeys he met Karl Marx in Brussels where he not only joined the Communist League, but also became its secretary in the city of Mainz. Like so many others, he fled the country after the failed revolution of 1848. He stayed in touch with Marx, his wife Jenny, and Frederick Engels among others for many years, but later broke with them and even traveled to England to do so in person.
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